Cell-Structure and Functions ; Detailed Notes + PYQ + Important Digrams

 Introduction to Cell

  • Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life .
  • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

Example:

Amoeba = Singel cell (unicellular)

Human cell = Many cell (multicellular) 

Cell Theory

Cell Theory was given by :
  • Matthias schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
*Main points 
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells
  2. Cell is the basic unit of life 
  3. New cells arise from pre-existing cells

Types of Cells 

A. Prokaryotic Cell
  • No True nucleus 
  • DNA is free in cytoplasm 
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Example : Bacteria 
B. Eukaryotic Cell
  • True nucleus present 
  • Organelles present 
  • More complex
  • Example: Human cells

Difference (Exam Important)

Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Nucleus Absent Present
Size Small Large
Organelles Absent Present
Example Bacteria Human
 

4. Structure of Cell 


1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
  • Outer covering of cell
  • Made of lipid bilayer
  • Functions : Controls entery and exit of substance
  • Protection 
2. Cytoplasm 
  • Jelly like substance 
  • Contains organelles 
  • Site of metabolic activities
3. Nucleus 
  • Controls center of cell
  • Control DNA
Parts :
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Nucleolus 
  • Chromatin

5 . Cell organelles ( very important)

1. Mitochondria 
  • Known as power house of cell
  • Produce ATP (energy)
2. Ribosome 
  • Site of protein synthesis 
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Types :
  • Rough ER - Protein synthesis 
  • Smooth ER - lipids synthesis 
4. Golgi Apparatus 
  • Packaging and secretion of proteins
5. Lysosomes
  • Known as suicide bags 
  • Digest waste materials
6. Peroxisomes
  • Detoxification 
7. Centrosome 
  • Helps in cell division 

6. Cell Division 

Process by which cell Divides 

Types :
1. Mitosis - Body cells 
2.Meiosis - Reproductive cells

7. Function of Cell

  • Maintain life 
  • Performs metabolism 
  • Growth and reproduction 
  • Respond to stimuli

8. Important digrams must practice 


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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS PYQ TYPE

2 Mark's 

  1. Define cell
  2. What is mitochondria 
  3. What is nucleus 

3 - 5 marks 

  1. Explain structure of cell
  2. Write function of cell organelles 
  3. Difference Between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Long Answer very important 

  1. Describe structure and function of cell in detail 
  2. Explain cell organelles and functions

Exam Writing Tip

  • Definition - Digram - Explanation - Function 
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