Diabetic mellitus ;Detailed Notes, Case study and Short notes

Diabetic mellitus 

👉 Introduction to Diabetic mellitus: 

Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder in which the blood sugar (Glucose) level becomes high due to :
  • Lack of insulin production
  • Improper Use of Insulin by the body.
👉Insulin : Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter body cells for energy 

👉 Types of Diabetic mellitus 

1. Type 1 Diabetic mellitus 
  • Pancreas produces very little or no insulin 
  • Usually occurs in children or young adults 
  • Requires insulin therapy 
2. Type 2 Diabetic mellitus 
  • Most common type 
  • Body becomes resistant to insulin
  • Common in adults and obese individuals 
3. Gestational Diabetes 
  • Occurs dusting pregnancy 
  • Usually disappears after delivery 
  • Increases future diabetes risk 

👉 Normal Blood Sugar Values 

Test Normal Value
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) 70–100 mg/dL
Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) <140 mg/dL
HbA1c <5.7%

👉 Symptoms of High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia)

  • Frequent urination 
  • Excessive thirst 
  • Blurry vision
  • Hunger
  • Fatigue
  • Headache 
  • Weight loss
  • Slow would healing
  • Dry mouth
  • Recurrent infection 

👉Symptoms of Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

  • Sweating
  • Shivering 
  • Dizziness
  • Hunger
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • Fast heartbeat
  • Irritability 
  • Loss of Consciousness (severe)

👉Cause of Diabetic mellitus

  • Family history 
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor diet 
  • Stress
  • Pancreatic Disorders
  • Autoimmune disease 
👉 Investigations 
Test Purpose
Blood Glucose Test Measure Sugar Level
HbA1c Average Sugar Level for 3 Months
Urine Sugar Test Detect Glucose in Urine
Urine Ketones Detect Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Lipid Profile Assess Heart Disease Risk

👉 Medicine given by Doctors

Oral antibiotic drug
  • Metformin : most common medicine for Type 2 diabetes 
  • Glimepiride
  • Sitagliptin

👉Insulin therapy 

  • Insulin used mainly in :
  • Type 1 DM
  • Severe Type 2 DM
  • Emergency Conditions 

👉How to control Diabetes 

  • Diet Management 
  • Eat : Green vegetables 
  • Whole grains 
  • Fruits in moderation
  • High-fiber foods
Avoid : 
  • Sugary foods
  • Soft drinks 
  • Junk food 
  • Excess rice / sweets 

👉Life style Changes 

  • Daily exercise 
  • Weight control 
  • Stop smoking 
  • Proper sleep 
  • Stress management 

👉 Regular monitoring 

  • Check blood sugar regularly 
  • Foot care
  • Eye examination 
  • Kidney function test

👉 Complications of Diabetic mellitus 

Acute Complications 
  • Hypoglycemia 
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia state 
👉Chronic Complications 
  • Eye - Diabetic Retinopathy 
  • Kidney - Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Nerves - Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Heart - Heart disease and Stroke 
  • Foot - Diabetic foot ulcer
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